Abstract

Bush-crickets have dual-input, tympanal ears located in the tibia of their forelegs. The sound will first of all reach
the external sides of the tympana, before arriving at the internal sides through the bush-cricket’s ear canal, the
acoustic trachea (AT), with a phase lapse and pressure gain. It has been shown that for many bush-crickets, the AT has
an exponential horn-shaped morphology and function, producing a significant pressure gain above a certain cut-off frequency. However, the underlying mechanism of different AT designs remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate
that the AT of the duetting Phaneropterinae bush-cricket Pterodichopetala cieloi function as coupled resonators,
producing sound pressure gains at the sex-specific conspecific calling song frequency, and attenuating the
remainder—a functioning mechanism significantly different from an exponential horn. Furthermore, it is demonstrated
that despite the sexual dimorphism between the P. cieloi AT, both male and female AT have a similar biophysical
mechanism. The analysis was carried out using an interdisciplinary approach, where micro-computed
tomography was used for the morphological properties of the P. cieloi AT, and a finite-element analysis was applied on
the precise tracheal geometry to further justify the experimental results and to go beyond experimental
limitations.