Abstract

The gut microbiome consists of the trillions of bacteria and other microbes whose metabolic activities and interactions with the immune system go beyond the gut itself. We are all aware that bacteria and other microorganisms have a significant impact on our health. Also, health of the bacteria directly reflects the health status of the body where they reside. Eventually, alterations in the microbiome at different sites of a body is associated with many different diseases such as obesity, IBD, malnutrition, CVD, etc. Microbiota directly or indirectly affects the heart with formation of plaques in the blood vessels and cell wall become prone to the lesion development. This ultimately leads to heighten the overall inflammatory status via increased bacterial translocation. Metabolites derived from the gut microbial metabolism of choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine directly contribute to CVD pathology. These dietary nutrients have trimethylamine (TMA) moiety, which participates in the development of atherosclerotic heart disease. The objective of this review was to examine various metabolic pathways regulated by the gut microbiome that appear to alter heart function and lead to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, as well as how to target the gut microbiome for a healthier heart. In this review, we had also discussed about various clinical drugs having crosstalk between microbiota and heart and clinical trials for gut-heart microbiome.