Abstract

Humans and wildlife in urban areas will inevitably interact, but the type of interactions, their frequency and severity will vary substantially. Whilst most work on human–wildlife interactions has focused on conflict, we emphasize that interactions can indeed be negative, positive and neutral, sometimes at the same time and in different directions. In this chapter, we review relevant frameworks from different disciplinary contexts that could be used to help build a better understanding
of human–wildlife interactions in urban areas. We illustrate how these may be applied and discuss their usefulness and limitations through a relevant example. We conclude by providing recommendations on how human–wildlife interactions need to progress to the point of shifting from conflict to tolerance and coexistence with urban wildlife.