Abstract

Based on the two knowledge dimensions of availability and accessibility, this study
investigates the influence of cooperation with external organizations on technological, product,
and process innovations. Using longitudinal data from Spanish manufacturing firms, we estimate
dynamic random-e�ects probit models and thus take into account that technological innovations
exhibit persistent behavior. We find that cooperation with suppliers and universities is positively
associated with both product and process innovations. However, sectoral analysis according to
technological intensity reveals that cooperation with suppliers increases the propensity to technological
innovation in industries with a higher degree of technological intensity, while cooperation with
universities increases the likelihood of innovation in industries with a lower degree of technological
intensity. Moreover, empirical results indicate a high degree of true or genuine state dependence in
both types of innovations. Based on these findings, we discuss the theoretical, managerial, and policy
implications of the study.