Abstract

The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is the only species of the genus Macaca living outside Asia. Currently, two disjointed and highly fragmented populations of this species exist in the wild, in Morocco and Algeria. The Barbary macaque is listed as endangered in the IUCN 2010 Red List of Threatened Species and the total population size in the wild is estimated at between 5,000 and 6,000 individuals. Outside Africa, a free-ranging population of macaques inhabits the Rock of Gibraltar. The Barbary macaque can be considered a flagship species of the cedar and oak forests of Morocco and Algeria. Despite this, little is known about the population structure, ecology and behaviour of wild Barbary macaques. Scarce data exist on the effect of human activity on the conservation and behaviour of this species. In this chapter, we review the literature on wild Barbary macaques to describe their ecology and behaviour. We discuss the factors threatening the survival of this species, and the history of human-macaque interactions in Morocco and Algeria, as well as in Gibraltar. Moreover, we analyse the effect of tourist pressure on the behaviour of the Barbary macaque at our field site in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco, as a case study of human-macaque interactions