Abstract

In this study, the combustion properties of three of the UK's commonly imported biomass fuels for co-firing, which are palm kernel expellers, shea residue, and waste from olive oil production are examined. The fuels were characterised and their thermal decomposition properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally the products from their devolatilisation were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) analysis of the evolved vapours and tars from high heating rate pyrolysis tests. Finally, chars from the fuels were prepared, analysed, and combustion studies were conducted by TGA-MS to determine the conversion of char-nitrogen to different nitrogen-containing species. In general, the main constituents of their ash fractions were K, Si, Ca and Mg, resulting in high alkali indices, which predict a large tendency to fouling. The pyrolysis and combustion kinetic parameters, estimated from TGA studies of these fuels and their chars, are much lower than those reported in the literature for lignocellulosic biomass. It is suspected that there is oil/fat evaporation processes overlapping with the decomposition of their lignocellulosic fractions, which significantly affects the apparent kinetics. The pyrolysis conditions used promoted depletion of nitrogen in the char, resulting in approximately 79-91% of the fuel-N being released with the volatiles. In combustion of the char, NOx and N-2 are the major nitrogen compounds detected. Another primary product, HCN, was detected from the combustion of some of the fuel chars, as well as C2N2.